Is black phosphorus poisonous?
Black phosphorus (BP), the latest addition to the family of 2D layered materials, has attracted much interest owing to potential optoelectronics, nanoelectronics, and biomedicine applications. Little is known about its toxicity, such as whether it could be as toxic as white phosphorus.
Is there black phosphorus?
Black phosphorus is the thermodynamically stable form of phosphorus at room temperature and pressure, with a heat of formation of -39.3 kJ/mol (relative to white phosphorus which is defined as the standard state). It was first synthesized by heating white phosphorus under high pressures (12,000 atmospheres) in 1914.
How is black phosphorus obtained?
Black phosphorus is obtained by heating white phosphorus under high pressures (about 12,000 standard atmospheres, or 1.2 gigapascals). In appearance, properties, and structure, black phosphorus resembles graphite — it is black and flaky, a conductor of electricity, and has puckered sheets of linked atoms.
Why black phosphorus is most stable?
The lattice of black phosphorus is an interlinked six-membered ring in which each atom is bonded to three other atoms. Thus, the reactivity of black phosphorus is very less. Being most stable, black phosphorus is less reactive in nature. Thus, the most thermodynamically stable allotropic form of phosphorus is black.
What is black phosphorus used in?
Black phosphorus powder is generally used to prepare black phosphorus quantum-dots (BPQDs) and nano-platelets by liquid-exfoliation (assisted by sonication). As a result of its high purity, the powdered form can also be used in chemical vapour deposition to create high-quality, atomically thin films.
Why is white phosphorus banned?
If on the other hand the toxic properties of white phosphorus are specifically intended to be used as a weapon, that, of course, is prohibited, because the way the convention is structured or applied, any chemicals used against humans or animals that cause harm or death through the toxic properties of the chemical are …
What is Black phosphorus used for?
What is the purest form of phosphorus?
In the natural world phosphorous is never encountered in its pure form, but only as phosphates, which consists of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.
What is black phosphorus?
Black phosphorus is obtained by heating P4 under pressure (200 °C, 12,000 atm) in the presence of a catalyst. It is a sheet polymer in which each P atom is bonded to three neighbors in double layers ( Fig. 10A ). In this giant molecule the double layers are stacked in a manner similar to graphite.
How do you make black phosphorus from P4?
Black phosphorus is obtained by heating P4 under pressure (200 °C, 12,000 atm) in the presence of a catalyst. It is a sheet polymer in which each P atom is bonded to three neighbors in double layers (Fig. 10A). In this giant molecule the double layers are stacked in a manner similar to graphite.
What is the history of phosphorene?
Phosphorene was first isolated in 2014 by mechanical exfoliation. In 1914 black phosphorus, a layered semiconducting allotrope of phosphorus, was synthesized. This allotrope has been shown to exhibit high carrier mobility. In 2014, several groups isolated single-layer phosphorene, a monolayer of black phosphorus.
Is black phosphorus a semiconductor?
Black phosphorus, unlike graphene, is a semiconductor with a sizeable gap (Asahina and Morita, 1984; Keyes, 1953; Morita, 1986). Fig. 4 A shows the calculated band structure for monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer black phosphorus by ab initio calculations with the GW approximation (Rudenko and Katsnelson, 2014).